巢湖湖滨带植被特征及其退化原因分析研究

于2009年和2010年对巢湖湖滨带植被进行了详细踏查,结果表明:(1)植被群落结构单一,多样性较差,大都集中分布于浅水、河口、滩地,受水质和水位影响显著;(2)挺水植物有5科6属6种,以芦苇(Phrag-mites australis)为优势种;(3)浮叶植物3科3属3种;以野菱(Trapa incisa)和荇菜(Nymphoides peltatum)为优势种;(4)漂浮植物2科2属2种;主要是凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)和浮萍(Lemna minor);(5)沉水植物4科5属8种;以马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)为优势种;(6)湿生和陆生植物27科76属101种;以禾本科为主,菊科、蓼科植物次之。调查结果与历史资料(1954年-2007年)对比,得出巢湖流域土地利用格局、江湖建闸等水利工程、围湖造田与堤坝建设等人为活动以及富营养化与蓝藻水华等综合因素严重破坏了巢湖湖滨带健康的生态系统,加剧了湖滨带植被的衰退。本研究可为巢湖湖滨带植被的恢复提供理论指导。     

阳宗海砷浓度与浮游植物的变化分析

通过对2007--2011年阳宗海砷浓度和藻类数量、种类变化数据的研究,分析砷浓度对藻类的影响。     

青海湖湖水性质、颗粒物沉积通量季节和年际变化——来自沉积物捕获器的研究

本文通过在青海湖南盆沉积中心试验性放置的Mark 8-13型时间序列沉积物捕获器所收集到的为期15个月的自然沉降颗粒物,分析了颗粒物沉积通量和物质组成,结合温盐传感器（CTD）所记录湖水参数数据的分析,讨论了青海湖上部10 m左右湖水中所发生沉积作用的季节与年际变化特征及其与环境参数的相互关系。结果表明,采集期间所沉降的总颗粒物具有显著季节和年际变化特征,其平均年沉降通量为112 g·m^-2·yr^-1,其组成主要是自生碳酸盐（高Mg方解石、文石）、生物壳体（介形虫、硅藻等）等内生作用形成的物质,以及少量的碎屑矿物。与实时监测的湖水参数比较表明,具有显著季节和年际变化的青海湖内生物质通量变化主要受控于夏季温度的变化。其沉积机制为：湖水温度的升高,有利于高Mg方解石和文石等自生矿物从碳酸盐过饱和的碱性湖水中结晶沉淀（盐度降低）,也有利于藻类和介形虫等微体生物大量繁殖,表现为温度偏高的2010年比2011年具有较低的湖水盐度和高得多的沉积通量。因此,青海湖自生碳酸盐沉淀通量可以用来反映湖水盐度和/或温度的变化,尽管这些内生作用形成的物质可能只约占到湖底沉积物的5%~20%。为更全面地了解青海湖现代沉积过程,有必要在更多点位、不同的深度进行长期放置捕获器和实时监测湖水参数变化。     

2005年以来青海湖水位持续回升的原因分析

地处干旱-半干旱过渡带的青海湖现代和历史时期生态环境变化一直受到关注,特别是2005年以来水位和湖面的逆转回升促使我们重新审视全球变暖情形下我国北方气候和环境的变化及其趋势。本文利用高分辨率的河水化学、（次）降水量和径流量等数据,探讨了2005年以来青海湖湖水的来源和水位持续回升的原因。结果表明,1959年以来青海湖水位的变化与降水量和径流量紧密相关;近些年的持续回升则主要取决于全球增暖情形下区域夏季降水强度和降水量的同时增加,地表径流和/或地下水补给起着一定作用,而冰川融水的贡献则十分有限。我们认为2005年以来青海湖水位持续回升是全球增暖情形下区域降雨模式的改变、降水量和径流量增加,以及流域植被生态改善的综合效应。     

Temporal and spatial changes in nutrients and chlorophyll-a in a shallow lake, Lake Chaohu, China: An 11-year investigation

Temporal and spatial changes of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) in a shallow lake, Lake Chaohu, China, were investigated using monthly monitoring data from 2001 through 2011. The results showed that the annual mean concentration ranges of TN, TP, and Chl-a were 0.08-14.60 mg/L, 0.02-1.08 mg/L, and 0.10-465.90 μg/L, respectively. Our data showed that Lake Chaohu was highly eutrophic and that water quality showed no substantial improvement during 2001 through 2011. The mean concentrations of TP, TN and Chl-a in the western lake were significantly higher than in the eastern lake, which indicates a spatial distribution of the three water parameters. The annual mean ratio of TN:TP by weight ranged from 10 to 20, indicating that phosphorus was the limiting nutrient in this lake. A similar seasonality variation for TP and Chl-a was observed. Riverine TP and NH₄⁺ loading from eight major tributaries were in the range of 1.56×10⁴-5.47×10⁴ and 0.19×10⁴-0.51×10⁴ tons/yr over 2002-2011, respectively, and exceeded the water environmental capability of the two nutrients in the lake by a factor of 3-6. Thus reduction of nutrient loading in the sub-watershed and tributaries would be essential for the restoration of Lake Chaohu.     

Influence of Chironomid Larvae on oxygen and nitrogen fluxes across the sediment-water interface (Lake Taihu, China)

The microscale distribution of oxygen,the nitrogen flux and the denitrification rates in sediment inhabited by chironomid larvae(Tanypus chinensis) were measured in eutrophic Lake Taihu,China.The presence of the chironomids in the sediment increased the oxygen diffusional flux from 10.4 ± 1.4 to 12.7 ± 2.5 mmol O 2 /(m 2 ·day).The burrows of the larvae represented "hot spots" and strongly influenced the nitrogen cycles and diagenetic activity in the sediment.The results indicate that the bioturbation effects of Tanypus chinensis chironomid larvae increased the capacity of the sediment as a sink for nitrate and a source for ammonium.Nitrate influx and ammonium outflux were increased 8.8 and 1.7 times,respectively.Under bioturbation,the amount of nitrate consumed was greater than the amount of ammonium released.The total denitrification rate was also enhanced from 0.76 ± 0.34 to 5.50 ± 1.30 mmol N/(m 2 ·day).The net effect was that the bioturbated sediments acted as a net sink for inorganic nitrogen under direct and indirect bioturbation effects compared to the control.     

Speciation of organic phosphorus in a sediment profile of Lake Taihu I: Chemical forms and their transformation

Organic phosphorus(nonreactive P,NRP)is a major component of P in sediments,but information about its chemical forms and dynamic transformation is limited.The chemical forms and dynamic behaviors of NRP in a sediment profile from Lake Taihu,a freshwater and eutrophic lake in China,were investigated.Five forms of NRP in the sediments were extracted based on a chemical fractionation technique,including easily labile NRP(NaHCO3-NRP),reactive metal oxide-bound NRP(HCl-NRP),humic acid-associated NRP(NaOH-NRPHA),fulvic acid-associated NRP(NaOH-NRPFA)and residual NRP(Res-TP).There were notable transformations with increasing sediment depth from the labile NaHCO3-NRP and NaOH-NRP pools to the recalcitrant HCl-NRP and Res-TP pools,which caused the NRP to become increasingly recalcitrant as the early diagenetic processes proceeded.Further analyses showed that the relative changes in contents of organic matter and reactive Fe oxides in the sediment profile triggered a competition for binding NRP fractions and led to the transformation of NRP.The results highlighted the importance of abiotic processes in regulating the diagenesis of organic P and its stability in sediments.     

太湖竺山湾沉积物重金属形态分析及风险评价

采用BCR 3步连续提取法研究了太湖竺山湾沉积物中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb在垂直方向上不同形态的分布特征,并利用人类活动系数和重金属形态评价方法对其进行潜在生态风险评价。结果表明,重金属总量大小为:Zn>Pb>Cr>Ni>Cu>Cd,表层沉积物表现出明显的富集效应;重金属总量和可提取态的含量均有从表层至下层逐渐降低的趋势;河流入湖口处5 cm的沉积物重金属总量和可提取态含量显著高于其他区域;AF富集系数评价显示,除Cr外,其余重金属在沉积物中表现出明显出明显的富集效应,特别是Cd和Pb;RSP生态风险评价表明,表层5 cm沉积物生态风险最高,特别是Cd;Cd元素在表层15 cm的沉积物属于重度污染;Zn的表层10 cm属于重度污染;重金属Ni、Cu和Pb在表层5 cm沉积物中基本介于中度污染和重度污染之间,在5～10 cm介于轻度污染和中度污染之间。     

滇池PAHs的沉积记录、来源及其生态风险评估

采用GC/MS方法分析了滇池沉积柱中16种美国EPA优控的多环芳烃(PAHs)的垂直分布状况,并对其来源变化及生态风险进行了分析和评估.研究表明:滇池沉积柱中PAHs的含量范围为558～6418 ng·g-1,并在20世纪90年代初达到峰值,这明显不同于发达国家的同类研究,也与国内沿海地区和偏远湖泊的相关研究有所不同.滇池沉积物中的PAHs主要来自当地的家庭燃煤、木材和生物秸秆等的低温燃烧过程,但工业燃煤和机动车尾气等高温燃烧过程释放的PAHs的相对含量近年来有明显增加的趋势.风险评估结果显示,滇池中上层沉积物中的PAHs可能存在潜在的生态风险,而这些生态风险主要来自低环数的NAP、FLU、PHEN和高环数的BbF、BaP、DBA等.     

几种水环境质量评价方法在青海湖入湖河流中的应用

从众多的水环境质量评价方法中,选取代表性的指数评价法、灰色评价法、层次分析法和模糊数学法进行介绍,然后运用这些方法对青海湖入湖河流2010年监测数据进行评价。经过对比分析评价结果发现,本次评价研究中单因子评价法过于悲观,水质综合污染指数法具有不可比性,模糊数学法具有不准确性。四种水环境质量评价方法中,灰色评价法和层次分析法是最适合该流域的评价方法,指数评价法和模糊数学法可以作为其必要的补充。